Aviator India

Aviator Game in India: Official Site Access and Trusted Guide

Aviator, an aviation-themed gambling game by Spribe, caught on with Indian players after its 2019 launch. The aviator game centers on placing bets and cashing out before an on-screen plane flies away, aiming to multiply wagers. With a potential 1,000,000x multiplier, the game aviator appeals to bold players seeking big wins. Top Indian casinos have added Aviator, allowing bets in rupees. Free demos let players test the aviator game before real money play. While offshore online gambling exists in a legal gray area in India, Aviator remains playable. However, gambling laws evolve, so players should stay informed. For risk-tolerant Indian players, Aviator offers exciting entertainment with profit potential, but responsible gambling is crucial.

Overview of Aviator Game

Aviator is an online game where players bet on a virtual plane’s flight. The core mechanic involves predicting when to cash out before the plane disappears. What is Aviator game? It’s a fast-paced betting experience with rounds lasting seconds. Players set their wager, watch the multiplier increase, and decide when to collect winnings. The game offers high volatility and a 97% return to player rate.

FeatureDescription
GameplayBet on multiplier before plane flies away
Round DurationUsually under 30 seconds
Maximum Multiplier1,000,000x
RTP97%

Basic Mechanics and Game Flow

Aviator betting follows a straightforward process. Here’s how to play this exciting aviator cash game:

  • Set your wager before the virtual plane takes off
  • Watch as the multiplier increases from 1x while the plane ascends
  • Decide when to cash out to secure your winnings
  • Your payout equals your initial bet multiplied by the current multiplier
  • If you don’t cash out before the plane disappears, you lose your stake

Rounds typically last less than 30 seconds. Betting limits vary, so check the game settings. Success in Aviator hinges on timing your cash-out strategically to maximize returns while managing risk.

Algorithm and Fair Play Assurance

Aviator uses a provably fair system to ensure game integrity. The process begins with a 16-character server seed generated using SHA-256 encryption. This seed is encrypted before player visibility. A client seed is derived from the first three players’ inputs. The system combines and hashes these seeds with SHA-512 to determine the round’s multiplier.

This aviator game review notes that players can verify results by comparing initial seeds to the final hash and multiplier. The system prevents cheating and promotes transparency.

StepAction
1Generate server seed
2Create client seed
3Combine and hash seeds
4Calculate final multiplier

This algorithm ensures fair outcomes for all participants. The dual-seed approach prevents result manipulation, guaranteeing a secure gaming environment.

Key Terms for Aviator Beginners

Here’s a glossary of essential terms for those new to the aviator casino game:

TermDefinition
AutoplayAutomatically places bets for consecutive rounds
Cash OutSecures winnings before the plane flies away
Crash PointThe multiplier value when the plane disappears
House EdgeThe casino’s statistical advantage in aviator games
MultiplierNumber that increases as the plane climbs, multiplying your bet
Provably FairSystem verifying the fairness of each game round
RTPPercentage of bets expected to be returned to players over time
RoundA single game of Aviator from takeoff to crash
StakeAmount of money bet on a round
VolatilityMeasure of risk and potential reward in the game

Unique Features and Player Benefits

The aviator betting game offers several distinctive elements that enhance the gaming experience:

  • Quick rounds maintain engagement. Players can participate in multiple games within a short time frame, increasing excitement and potential winnings.
  • Multiplayer interaction fosters a social atmosphere. Users can observe other players’ bets and outcomes in real-time, creating a sense of community within the game.
  • High volatility provides significant winning potential. While risks are present, the possibility of substantial payouts adds an element of thrill to each round.
  • Simple gameplay ensures accessibility. The straightforward rules allow both novice and experienced players to participate easily in the aviator real money game.
  • Visual representation of bets enhances understanding. The game’s interface clearly displays the multiplier as it increases, allowing players to make informed decisions about when to cash out.
  • Customizable betting options offer flexibility. Users can adjust their wager amounts and implement various strategies to suit their preferences and risk tolerance.
  • Autoplay and Auto Cash Out features provide convenience. These options allow players to set predetermined parameters, streamlining the gaming process and potentially reducing emotional decision-making.

Origin and Evolution of Aviator

Aviator, a crash-style gambling game developed by Spribe, launched in February 2019. This innovative spribe aviator game quickly gained popularity, especially in Indian and Asian markets. Players bet on a virtual plane’s ascent, with the potential to multiply their wagers significantly.

The following timeline highlights key events in Aviator’s history:

Date/YearEvent
February 2019Spribe introduces Aviator to the market
Late 2020Aviator becomes a leading crash game in Asia

Aviator spribe utilizes provably fair technology, combining server and client seeds to ensure random outcomes. The game boasts a 97% Return to Player (RTP) rate, high volatility, and an impressive maximum multiplier of 1,000,000x.

Since its launch, Spribe has continually enhanced Aviator with new features, including improved statistics, chat functionality, and autoplay options. The game’s transparent odds and engaging gameplay have contributed to its sustained popularity on reputable gambling sites.

While Aviator remains accessible to Indian players, it’s crucial to note that gambling regulations are subject to change. Players should stay informed about current laws in their jurisdiction.

Best Indian Sites With Aviator Game

The aviator game India market offers several online casino options for players. This table compares key features of top Indian aviator game sites to help readers make informed decisions.

CasinoWelcome BonusKey Features
4rabet200% up to ₹20,000Sports betting, live casino
Rajabets100% up to ₹50,000Live dealer games, fast payouts
Parimatch₹12,000 bonus + ₹10,000 cashbackEsports betting, variety of slots
1win500% bonus up to ₹75,000Aviator tournaments, various payment options
Bluechip150% up to ₹30,000 + 75 Free SpinsUser-friendly interface, loyalty program

Information last updated: 2024-01-03

These Indian aviator game sites provide different bonuses and features. Players should review terms and conditions before choosing a casino. Remember to gamble responsibly and within legal limits.

How to Choose a Trusted Gambling Site

Selecting a secure online casino for Aviator requires careful consideration. Key factors to examine include:

  • Valid licensing from respected regulators. Check the license number on the official regulatory website.
  • Strong data protection measures. Look for HTTPS in the site address and SSL encryption.
  • Positive player feedback on independent review platforms. Be wary of potentially fake review sites.
  • Responsible gambling features like self-exclusion and deposit limits. These indicate ethical business practices.
  • Efficient customer support across multiple channels. Test their responsiveness before committing.
  • Diverse and secure payment options suitable for Indian players. Verify transaction fees and processing times.
  • Fair game policies and regular audits by independent testing agencies. This ensures unbiased outcomes in the aviator casino environment.

Evaluating these aspects helps identify reliable gambling sites that prioritize player safety and enjoyment.

Step-By-Step Guide to Begin Playing

  1. Choose a reputable online casino that features Aviator.
  2. Create an account by providing necessary details for aviator game login.
  3. Complete the verification process using valid identification documents.
  4. Fund your account through available payment methods like UPI or NetBanking.
  5. Navigate to the game section and locate Aviator.
  6. Familiarize yourself with the game interface before placing a bet.
  7. Set your wager amount within your budget.
  8. Click to play aviator and watch the multiplier increase.
  9. Decide when to cash out before the plane flies away.
  10. Collect your winnings if you’ve timed it right.
  11. Adjust your strategy based on your experience.
  12. Monitor your bankroll and set limits for responsible gaming.
  13. Take breaks between sessions to maintain a clear mindset.
  14. Withdraw your winnings when you’re ready to cash out.
  15. Keep learning about the game mechanics to improve your skills.

Remember, Aviator is a game of chance. Always play within your means and enjoy the experience responsibly.

Game Developers and Technical Info

The following table provides key technical details about the aviator game link:

FeatureDetails
DeveloperSpribe
Release Date2019
RTP97%
Minimum Bet₹8
Maximum Bet₹8,000
CompatibilityiOS, Android, Web

These technical aspects are significant for players. The Return to Player (RTP) percentage indicates potential long-term payouts. Bet limits allow for customized wagering strategies. Compatibility information ensures accessibility across various devices.

Aviator App Download

The Aviator app download is available for various devices. Android users can obtain the aviator app directly from their preferred casino’s website. iOS users will find it in the Apple App Store. For PC users, an Android emulator like Bluestacks is required to install and run the app. After downloading, users need to log in to start using the application. It’s crucial to select a reputable online casino and maintain account security when using the aviator app.

Aviator for Android Installation Guide

Installing Aviator on your Android device is straightforward:

  1. Open your device settings and navigate to “Security” or “Privacy.”
  2. Enable the option to allow installations from unknown sources.
  3. Use your phone’s browser to find a reputable source for the aviator apk.
  4. Download the aviator game apk file.
  5. Tap the downloaded file to begin installation.
  6. If prompted, confirm you want to install from an unknown source.
  7. Once installed, open the app to start playing.

Remember to only download APK files from trusted websites to avoid security risks. If you encounter issues during installation, ensure your device has enough storage space and that you have a stable internet connection. After installing, you may want to disable the unknown sources option for added security.

iOS Setup for iPhones and iPads

Setting up the aviator game app on your iOS device is straightforward. Follow these steps to get started:

  1. Open the App Store on your iPhone or iPad.
  2. Type “Aviator” in the search bar and press search.
  3. Locate the official aviator game app in the results.
  4. Tap the “Get” or price button to initiate the download.
  5. Enter your Apple ID password or use Face ID/Touch ID if prompted.
  6. Wait for the download and installation to complete.
  7. Tap “Open” to launch the app for the first time.

For optimal performance, ensure your device runs iOS 11 or later. The installation process is similar to Android, with the main difference being the use of the App Store instead of Google Play. Keep in mind that some features may vary slightly between iOS and Android versions. Always download apps from official sources to ensure security and receive regular updates.

Playing on Laptop or PC

To access Aviator on desktop computers, consider these options:

  1. Use a web browser. Many online casinos offer browser-based play without requiring any aviator game download.
  2. Utilize an Android emulator:
  3. Install an emulator like Bluestacks or NoxPlayer
  4. Launch the emulator and search for Aviator in its app store
  5. Install the app within the emulator
  6. Create an account or log in
  7. Begin playing

System requirements vary depending on your chosen method. Browser-based play typically needs less processing power, while emulators may demand more robust hardware. Check the specific emulator’s website for recommended specifications. A stable internet connection is essential for smooth gameplay regardless of your chosen method.

Strategy Guide for Aviator

Developing effective strategies for Aviator requires understanding its unpredictable nature. No aviator predictor or system guarantees consistent wins. Outcomes are entirely random, with luck playing a significant role. Responsible gambling is crucial – set budgets, avoid chasing losses, and never bet more than affordable. The game’s high-risk nature demands caution. Enjoy the thrill, but prioritize sensible betting practices for a safer experience.

Low-Risk Approach

A conservative strategy for the aviator bet game focuses on minimizing losses while aiming for consistent small wins. Consider the following approach:

  • Set a low bet limit, such as ₹50 or ₹100 per round
  • Target frequent small wins instead of chasing high multipliers
  • Utilize the auto-cashout feature to secure profits at predetermined levels
  • Establish a session budget to prevent overspending

This method offers advantages like controlled spending and more frequent wins. However, it limits the potential for large payouts. The pros include reduced risk of significant losses and a potentially longer playing session. The cons involve capped winnings and possibly less excitement compared to high-risk strategies.

It’s crucial to remember that all gambling carries inherent risks. No strategy can guarantee profits, and players should always gamble responsibly within their means.

Play Aviator Smart: A Balanced Approach

A balanced strategy for the Aviator money game involves careful bankroll management and controlled risk-taking. Consider the following steps:

  • Set moderate bet sizes of 1-5% of your total funds per round
  • Target multipliers in the 2-5x range for steady growth
  • Establish a 20% loss limit and stop playing if reached
  • Avoid chasing losses by adhering strictly to your preset limit
  • Study game patterns to optimize cash-out timing

This approach balances potential rewards with manageable risks. It allows for excitement while maintaining control over your bankroll. Remember, no strategy guarantees wins. Always play responsibly and within your means. Setting and sticking to loss limits is crucial for sustainable gameplay.

High-Risk Approach

Experienced Aviator players may consider an aggressive strategy. This approach involves higher stakes and potential for significant gains or losses. Here’s an outline of this high-risk method:

  • Increase bet amounts substantially
  • Aim for higher multipliers to maximize potential profits
  • Prepare for increased volatility in results
  • Maintain strict bankroll management
  • Set clear loss limits and adhere to them

This strategy can be exhilarating for those seeking the best aviator game experience. However, it’s crucial to understand the risks involved. Players should only use funds they can afford to lose. Responsible gambling practices are essential when employing this high-stakes approach.

Take Off with the Aviator Demo

The Aviator demo game offers valuable benefits for new players. This risk-free environment allows you to explore the game mechanics and refine your strategies before wagering real money.

  • Practice without financial risk
  • Experiment with different betting approaches
  • Understand the game’s rules and features
  • Build confidence in your decision-making

To access the aviator game demo, look for a “Demo” or “Practice” option near the real-money version on casino websites. This mode typically mirrors the full game experience, with virtual currency instead of actual funds.

The aviator demo game provides an excellent opportunity to familiarize yourself with the interface and gameplay. However, it’s important to note that demo mode winnings cannot be withdrawn. Additionally, the excitement and pressure of real-money stakes are absent in practice play.

By utilizing the demo version, you can develop a solid foundation for your Aviator gameplay. This preparation may lead to more informed decisions when transitioning to real-money bets.

Crash Game Comparison: Aviator and Competitors

GameBettingMultiplier RangeCashout OptionsSpecial Features
AviatorFixed amountUp to x1,000,000Auto up to x100Chat, statistics, rapid rounds
CrashFixed amountUp to x100Auto up to x10Crash point graph, slower pace
RocketpotFixed amountUp to x150Auto up to x203D visuals, mines boost multipliers

The online aviator game soars above other crash games with its extraordinary multiplier potential, reaching up to x1,000,000. While sharing core mechanics with alternatives like Crash and Rocketpot, Aviator cranks up the intensity with rapid-fire rounds and social features. Each game offers a unique twist on the crash concept, but Aviator stands out for its extreme volatility and social elements. Players seeking higher risk and reward might gravitate towards Aviator, while those preferring a more measured approach could opt for Crash or Rocketpot. Ultimately, the choice depends on individual preferences for pacing, visual style, and risk tolerance.

Provably Fair Technology in Aviator

Aviator online utilizes provably fair technology to ensure transparency and integrity in each betting round. This system operates as follows:

  1. The server generates a unique 16-character seed using SHA-256 encryption.
  2. This server seed is encrypted before player visibility.
  3. A client seed is created from the first inputs of the initial three players in the round.
  4. The server and client seeds combine to form a SHA-512 hash.
  5. This hash determines the round’s final multiplier when the plane crashes.
  6. Players can verify fairness by comparing the initial seeds to the final hash and crash point.

The provably fair system prevents result manipulation and guarantees randomness in each betting round. Cryptographic verification allows players to confirm the fairness independently, fostering trust in the game’s integrity.

Safety Tips and Account Protection

Protect your account when playing aviator game online with these essential security practices:

  • Create a strong, unique password mixing letters, numbers, and symbols
  • Enable two-factor authentication for an extra layer of security
  • Be cautious of phishing attempts; avoid clicking suspicious links or downloading unknown files
  • Use only official websites and apps to access the game
  • Keep your device’s operating system and antivirus software up-to-date
  • Set deposit limits to manage your bankroll effectively
  • Never share your login credentials with anyone
  • Use secure payment methods like e-wallets or prepaid cards
  • Monitor your account activity regularly for any unauthorized transactions
  • Contact customer support immediately if you suspect your account has been compromised

Following these guidelines helps safeguard your personal and financial information while enjoying the game responsibly.

Legal Status of Aviator in India

The legal landscape for online gambling and the aviator india game in India is complex and varies by state. The Public Gambling Act of 1867 prohibits operating physical gambling establishments but does not explicitly address online gambling.

State-specific regulations on online gambling differ significantly:

StateLegal Status
SikkimLegal (with license)
NagalandLegal (with license)
TelanganaProhibited
Andhra PradeshProhibited
Other statesUnclear/Grey area

Grey areas persist due to ongoing legal debates about the application of the Information Technology Act 2000 and the Foreign Exchange Management Act 1999 to online gambling.

Recent court decisions, such as the Madras High Court’s 2021 ruling striking down Tamil Nadu’s online gambling ban, have further complicated the issue.

Players should verify current local regulations before engaging in online gambling activities. This information is not legal advice and may change over time. The legal status of online gambling in India remains subject to interpretation and potential future legislative changes.

FAQ About Aviator Game in India

This FAQ section addresses common questions Indian players have about the Aviator game. We’ve compiled these inquiries to provide clear information on how the game functions. The answers reflect current rules and details, which may change over time. Players should verify specific information with their chosen online casinos or relevant legal authorities when necessary.

The Aviator game has gained popularity among Indian casino enthusiasts. Players often ask about its mechanics, strategies, and legality in India. This FAQ aims to clarify these points using factual, objective language. We focus on providing helpful information without using emotional or persuasive terms.

As the online gambling landscape evolves, so too may the rules and availability of Aviator in India. We encourage readers to stay informed about any updates or changes that might affect their gameplay experience. This FAQ serves as a starting point for understanding Aviator, but it’s crucial to consult official sources for the most up-to-date and accurate information.

How to Start Playing Aviator?

Choose a reputable online casino that accepts Indian rupees. Create an account and complete the verification process. Deposit funds using your preferred payment method. Navigate to the game lobby and locate Aviator. Before each round, place your bet. Watch the multiplier increase and decide when to cash out. To play Aviator more efficiently, consider using Autoplay or Auto Cashout features. Practice in free mode to familiarize yourself with the game mechanics before wagering real money. Adjust your strategy based on your risk tolerance. Always gamble responsibly and only use trusted sites. Indian players should check for specific currency options and verification requirements at their chosen casino.

Is Aviator Legal in India?

India’s online gambling laws lack clarity regarding games like the aviator game. The Public Gambling Act of 1867 doesn’t specifically address online betting, creating uncertainty. Regulations vary by state, making it essential to check local laws. Some states have implemented their own rules for online gambling. It’s crucial to research current regulations in your area before participating. Legal status can differ between states and may change over time. Always verify the most up-to-date information to ensure compliance. The legality of online gambling activities remains a complex issue in India, with ongoing debates and potential for future legislative changes.

Can I Play Aviator for Free?

Many online casinos offer a free version of Aviator. This aviator demo allows players to test the game without risking real money. To access the demo aviator, simply select the “Play for Fun” or “Demo” option on the game’s interface.

The free version closely mimics the real-money game, featuring identical graphics and mechanics. However, players use virtual credits instead of actual currency. This setup enables risk-free experimentation with various betting strategies.

Trying out the demo version offers several benefits:

  • Familiarize yourself with game rules and features
  • Develop and refine betting strategies
  • Gain confidence before playing with real money
  • Understand the game’s pacing and volatility

While the demo provides a realistic experience, it’s worth noting that winnings cannot be withdrawn. Nevertheless, it serves as an invaluable tool for newcomers and experienced players alike to hone their skills.

What’s the Maximum Win in Aviator?

Aviator betting offers a thrilling maximum win potential of 10,000x your stake. The game’s multiplier system starts at 1x and theoretically can increase indefinitely. For example, a ₹100 bet could result in a ₹1,000,000 payout if the multiplier reaches 10,000x.

The multiplier rises as a virtual plane ascends. Players aim to cash out before the plane disappears. Higher multipliers mean larger payouts but increased risk. The game’s volatility typically keeps multipliers between 1x and 2x.

While astronomical multipliers are possible, they’re extremely rare. The 10,000x maximum isn’t impossible, but it’s highly improbable. Most rounds end with much lower multipliers. Understanding this volatility is crucial for responsible aviator betting practices.

Is Aviator Available on Mobile?

Aviator is accessible on mobile devices, offering players the flexibility to enjoy the game on the go. The aviator app is compatible with both Android and iOS operating systems, supporting a wide range of smartphones and tablets.

Users can download the application from their device’s official app store. The mobile version maintains the core gameplay experience found on desktop computers. Players still watch the plane ascend, decide when to cash out, and aim to maximize their winnings.

The mobile interface is optimized for touchscreens, featuring easy-to-use controls for placing bets and collecting payouts. The app provides a streamlined experience, focusing on essential elements to enhance mobile play.

While the fundamental mechanics remain unchanged, the mobile version may have slight visual adjustments to suit smaller screens. This ensures clear visibility and smooth functionality across various device sizes.

Mobile play offers the advantage of quick access and portability, allowing users to participate in games whenever and wherever they choose, provided they have an internet connection.

How Does Aviator Ensure Fair Play?

Aviator games implement multiple mechanisms to guarantee fair play. The provably fair system uses cryptographic algorithms to generate a unique server seed for each round. This seed combines with a client seed to create the final hash determining the round’s multiplier. Players can verify results by comparing initial seeds to the final hash.

Third-party auditing and Random Number Generator (RNG) certification further validate the software’s integrity. These processes prevent manipulation and ensure genuine randomness in game outcomes. For added transparency, real-time statistics and inputs from other players are visible.

The provably fair system works as follows:

  • A 16-character server seed is generated using SHA-256 hashing
  • This seed combines with a client seed
  • The combination produces a SHA-512 hash setting the round’s multiplier
  • Players can independently verify each step

Through these measures, Aviator games provide verifiable randomness and multiple ways for players to confirm result authenticity. This comprehensive approach maintains game integrity and builds trust among participants.

What Payment Methods Are Available?

Indian players have several options for funding their aviator casino game accounts. E-wallets like Paytm, PhonePe, and Google Pay offer quick transactions. Bank transfers through NetBanking are popular for direct deposits. Cryptocurrency enthusiasts can use Bitcoin, Ethereum, or Tether.

Each method has unique features:

  • E-wallets: Fast processing, widely accepted
  • Bank transfers: Secure, straight from your account
  • Cryptocurrencies: Anonymous transactions

Consider potential fees, such as currency conversion charges. Review the casino’s deposit terms carefully. Withdrawal methods typically mirror deposit options, allowing winnings to be sent directly to your chosen account.

Indian players benefit from a range of secure and convenient payment methods for enjoying the aviator casino game responsibly.

How to Withdraw Winnings from Aviator?

Withdrawing winnings from the aviator real money game involves several steps. First, verify your account by submitting necessary identification documents. Next, choose a withdrawal method such as bank transfer, e-wallet, or card payment. Each option may have different processing times and fees.

Typically, funds are released within 24-72 hours after approval. Be aware of any minimum withdrawal amounts or transaction limits. It’s advisable to set personal withdrawal limits to manage your bankroll effectively.

Consider the following responsible gambling practices:

  • Set a budget for your gaming activities
  • Take regular breaks from playing
  • Never chase losses
  • Seek help if you’re concerned about your gambling habits

Always review the terms and conditions of withdrawals to understand any potential restrictions or requirements.

Are There Bonuses for Aviator Players?

Casinos offer various bonuses to enhance the Aviator experience. Welcome bonuses reward new players on their first deposit. Reload bonuses provide extra funds for subsequent deposits. Cashback offers return a percentage of losses over time. These incentives extend gameplay and increase winning chances.

It is crucial to understand bonus terms and conditions. Wagering requirements specify how many times bonus funds must be played through before withdrawal. Familiarizing yourself with these rules prevents issues when claiming winnings.

Players should regularly check current promotions with individual casinos. Bonus offers change frequently, and terms may vary between operators. The aviator online game often features in casino bonus programs, but specific offers are subject to change.

What’s the Minimum Bet in Aviator?

The minimum bet in the Aviator bet game typically ranges from ₹20 to ₹100 per round. This amount varies among different online casinos. Some sites offer lower minimums to attract new players, while others set higher thresholds. VIP rooms often require larger minimum bets, sometimes starting at ₹1,000 per round.

When choosing where to play Aviator, it’s crucial to check the minimum bet requirements. Ensure they align with your budget and betting preferences. While higher bets can lead to bigger potential wins, it’s essential to only wager amounts you can afford to lose. Responsible gambling involves setting limits and sticking to them.

Always research the specific casino’s rules before playing. Minimum bets can change over time or differ between game versions. By understanding these requirements, you can make informed decisions and enjoy the Aviator bet game responsibly.

Strategies in Aviator: Facts and Limitations

Aviator operates on a random number generator, making each round unpredictable. While players may employ various betting approaches, no strategy guarantees consistent wins. The game’s randomness means that so-called “predictor aviator” tools or systems claiming to beat the odds are misleading and ineffective.

Different betting methods exist, but they cannot overcome the game’s inherent unpredictability:

  • Increasing bets after losses doesn’t improve long-term outcomes
  • Following numerical sequences fails to provide an advantage
  • Complex betting systems ultimately don’t give players an edge

It’s crucial to understand the game’s random nature and practice responsible gambling. Set a budget, adhere to it, and avoid chasing losses. Remember, the thrill of the game should come from entertainment, not the expectation of profit.